Invisible Man :: essays research papers

Invisible ManBooks related to Invisible ManAlthough most pagan stems do not like to be thought of as different, they do come to enjoy the benefits that come with being labeled as a minority. Affirmative action is a program initiated to try and bridge the breakage between white Americans and the minorities that reside in America. In addition, bilingual education is constantly an issue in Southern California, especially when choosing political candidates. In the 2 books I leave alone be examining, Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, both characters in the stories are criticized by their own ethnic groups for not following the path that their parents surrender laid out for them. Protag, the main character in Invisible Man, chooses to join an organization called the Brotherhood, instead of a interchangeable organization which is made up of all black men. Rodriguez decides to take a stand against affirmative action and bilingual education, two issues which Hispanics have almost of all time been in favor of. However, the decisions by these two characters to go against the values widely held by members of their ethnic groups causes a great deal of tension. People want to interrogative sentence how devoted the characters are to the cause. Both characters went against the norm and made choices which brought criticism from members of their ethnic groups, but their choices ultimately led to the strengthening of their groups culture in society. First we will look at what may have influenced the characters choices, followed by the designation of being labeled a scholarship boy may have played in their decisions. Finally we will look at what exactly they did for their ethnic group and some of the differences that exist between the two characters. Upon his arrival in Harlem after his dismissal from college, Protag became aware of the two groups that were concerned with changing the social conditions in New York City. The first gr oup was led by Ras the Exhorter and was a much more radical group. One woman was quotes as saying, "His hoodlums would attack and denounce the white meat of a roasted chicken" (Ellison 35). The other group in New York City was known as the Brotherhood and was a much less radical organization which was predominately by white men. These two groups very much found themselves in the midst of controversy, both in the public eye and between each other.

Investigation looking At the Speed of Reactions :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigation looking At the Speed of ReactionsIntroductionThe aim of this taste is to find out how a variable can affectthe results from a scenario set up in scientific environment. Theexperiment is to see how a certain(p) variable allow for affect the amount ofGas produced from a Calcium carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Reaction.The ScienceCalcium light speedate is a generally lily-white or colorless mineral that istranslucent. When compressed or exposed to great heat the mineralbinds together in small to large clumps forming calcium CarbonateChips, however left in its formed state it is powder, a chalk likesubstance. I could use either forms of the Calcium Carbonate for theexperiment.Hydrochloric Acid, is a clear, colourless to slightly yellow liquidwith a sharp, pungent and irritating odour. It is a strong soaringlycorrosive acid, soluble in water and alcohol only if insoluble inhydrocarbons.The reason I am using Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid for myexperiment is d ue to the reaction when they are put together. Afizzing reaction takes place letting loose Calcium Chloride, CarbonDioxide and Water.Word Equation=============Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid === Calcium Chloride + Water +Carbon DioxideSymbol Equation===============CaCO3 + 2 HCl --- CaCl2 + H2O + CO2PredictionMy prognostic is that if the concentration of the acid increases therewill be an increase in output of Carbon Dioxide from the reaction forexample the highest concentration produce the most gas in the giventime. I used a preliminary test to overhaul in the prediction. I went andprepared marble chips and concentrated acid we tried the experiment,the results was clear that as in a few seconds it was almost finished.When we used precise dilute acid it took so long for it to react and theamount of bubbles were much less than the first one. By using theresults I can make the prediction of that, the rate of reaction isaffected by concentration.HypothesisIf the concentration of an acid increase than output of gas will alsoincrease. When the acid has a high concentration that means in that resolving, compared to a dilute one there are more particles availableto react with therefore the amount of times they will collide with theeach other is more.Factors-------There are many different factors, which effect the rate of reaction.Below is most of the known factors which effect the rate of areaction1. The size of the particles of a solid reactant2. The concentration of the reactants solution3. Temperature of experiment4. Amount of time available for reaction5. Amount of solid reactant6. Amount of reactant solutionParticle sizeThe reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid is

Free Siddhartha Essays: The River and the Mind/Body Dichotomy :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

The River and the Mind/Body Dichotomy in Siddhartha     In Herman Hesses work Siddhartha, the primary physical symbol of division is the river. 1 side of the river represents geist, or a realm concerned with the spiritual world. The second side represents natur, the natural world where the flesh is engorged with pleasure and earthly satisfaction. Siddhartha begins on the spiritual side of the river. He is in training to become an excellent Brahmin like his father, much is expected of this intelligent and attractive young man. insofar Siddhartha feels a rumbling in his body and mind. His soul is not satisfied with the answers that he has received ab step up problems in life. He feels the need to live his stand in order to find these answers. He is willing to sacrifice security for insecurity and danger. His travels renew and strengthen his spirit.   The structure of the story is centered around the apparatus of iterative-durative time, a technique in which the au thor follows a loose linear chronlogy, with each part covering approximately twenty years, while just about one or two of those years are described in any detail. The effect easily lulls the reader into a perception of the passage time. He first spends time with a roving band of asceitics, forest-dwelling nomads that prefer to live a life of extreme sacrifice and self-denial. Siddhartha masters their art and goals, except shortly decides to move on after only a few years. He is not able to find his quest for salvation and understanding on such a path. Throughout his journey, his friend Govinda stays by his side. He decides to leave the town with him, come with him and practice with the ascetics, and then agrees to leave with him to seek out the Illustrious One, Gotama. Siddhartha does not find the answers to his spiritual queries here either, and decides to move on again. This time Govinda, his shadow, decides to stay and make a niche for himself. Siddhartha strikes out on his ow n, crossing the center symbol of the river with the help of the boatman Vasudeva. After crossing the river he encounters an Indian woman who encourages him and allows him to kiss her nipple. His experience with the natur world has begun, his experiences of the sense being heightened and readied for a sensual deluge.   He remains on the sensual side of the river for twenty years and in that time impregnates his seductive teacher and partner Kamala.

napoleon and frederick the great :: essays research papers

Napoleon versus Frederick the GreatI have chosen to equate Napoleon to Frederick the Great. I will compare these two extremely influential leaders through numerous techniques including their military history, the administration of their territories, the legacy they left upon their countries, among others.Napoleon was a great soldier that graduate from military school at the age of sixteen and quickly worked his way through the ranks. Napoleon was a brilliant leader in battle and systematically defeated armies larger than his own including when he forced the Austrians to make peace after defeating four of their generals. In 1799 Napoleon and his colleagues overtook the French government and established power. He revised the constitution in 1802 to make himself consul for life, and then again in 1804 to make himself Emperor of France. Soon after Napoleon came to power he restructured the administration, modify the court system, and began monitoring the schooling system French law was also spew in the Napoleon Code which guaranteed the rights and liberties that were gained through the revolution. Napoleons violent behavior caused contend with Britain to break out, who allied with Russia and Austria. Prussia later allied themselves with Russia creating a huge alliances against France and Napoleon. Napoleon successfully extended his reign over large parts of Europe and put each state under the Napoleon Code, which gave citizens new rights and privileges. In 1812 all of Europe turned against Napoleon, which lead to his exile in 1814. He regained power in 1815 just to loose it later that year. He died in exile in Saint Helena in 1821.Frederick the Great was son of King Frederick William I and was innate(p) into prince hood. Frederick was raised to become a strong soldier and thrifty administrator. Frederick did not like the life his father planned for him and choose the more artsy aspects of life. His crown as prince was taken from him until he reapplied himsel f as a loyal member under his fathers reign. Frederick took over power after his fathers decease in 1840 almost immediately he began attempting to improve Prussian policy. By 1745 Frederick was seen as a more than able military leader after victorious a second war with Austria. Frederick played a huge role in destroying Austrians dominance. Frederick was a good leader, keeping himself in touch with the work of his officials and unploughed an eye on his troops and officers.

Cross-Curricular Learning Essay examples -- Analysis, Education

Making cognitive connections, within subjects and between subjects... ( Piaget 1977, Cockburn and Haylock 2008,Rose 2009) is an aspect of cross-curricular learning. Generally speaking, cross-curricular learning is when skills, knowledge and attitudes of a number of disciplines which ar applied to a single experience, problem, question, theme or idea. In simple terms, its also known as a thematic progress. From this point, Id be exploring the reasons why a thematic approach should be adopted in the classroom and this approach could deliver the four core subjects in the National Curriculum in Key Stage 1. On top of that Id be exploring the issues raised of adopting a cross-curricular approach and the implications of using a theme-based unit of integrating various subjects within a theme.By direction thematically, it would enable me to integrate the four core National Curriculum subjects within a theme. This method of theme based units utilises and builds on childrens interests and l ife experiences, therefore skills and knowledge are developed in meaningful ways.(Kerry. T (2011) Cross-curricular teaching in the primary school, Oxon Routledge) The Intermediate Program Policy Grades 4 to 10 (1993) suggests that the more students become engaged in how and what they study, the more interested they are in learning. Likewise, Bruner also supports the notion of children to be involved in their own learning process, so that connections could be make through personal discovery and enquiry and not just being passive receivers of information. This clearly highlights the importance of children taking an active role of their learning. Therefore in my approach of delivering the core subjects, it would be necessary for me to collaborate ... ...thods, as both approaches could be used in conjunctival. The mixture of thematic teaching and disciplinary teaching would enable the successful delivery of the core National curriculum subjects. Not only does theme- based units helps support the learning across many areas of the curriculum, but it enables children to gamble and make connections with subjects and between subjects. This idea of teaching suggests that skills, knowledge and experiences could be made transferable and the notion of continuity of learning within the school and childrens wider life experiences international school. Very often, the thematic approach tends to lie on childrens interests which then in turn branches out like the ripples from the stone thrown in the water. Cross-curricular learning is a creative approach which allows the flexibility for both teachers and children to become creative.

Cross-Curricular Learning Essay examples -- Analysis, Education

Making cognitive connections, within subjects and between subjects... ( Piaget 1977, Cockburn and Haylock 2008,Rose 2009) is an aspect of cross-curricular learning. Generally speaking, cross-curricular learning is when skills, knowledge and attitudes of a number of disciplines which be applied to a single experience, problem, question, theme or idea. In simple terms, its also known as a thematic approach. From this point, Id be exploring the reasons why a thematic approach should be adopted in the classroom and this approach could deliver the four core subjects in the National Curriculum in chance upon Stage 1. On top of that Id be exploring the issues raised of adopting a cross-curricular approach and the implications of using a theme-based unit of integrating various subjects within a theme.By learn thematically, it would enable me to integrate the four core National Curriculum subjects within a theme. This method of theme based units utilises and builds on childrens interests a nd life experiences, thence skills and knowledge are developed in meaningful ways.(Kerry. T (2011) Cross-curricular teaching in the primary shoal, Oxon Routledge) The Intermediate Program Policy Grades 4 to 10 (1993) suggests that the more(prenominal) students become engaged in how and what they study, the more interested they are in learning. Likewise, Bruner also supports the notion of children to be involved in their own learning process, so that connections could be made through personal discovery and enquiry and not just being passive receivers of information. This clearly highlights the importance of children taking an active berth of their learning. Therefore in my approach of delivering the core subjects, it would be necessary for me to collaborate ... ...thods, as both approaches could be used in conjunctival. The mixture of thematic teaching and disciplinary teaching would enable the successful delivery of the core National curriculum subjects. Not only does theme- ba sed units helps support the learning across legion(predicate) areas of the curriculum, but it enables children to find and make connections with subjects and between subjects. This idea of teaching suggests that skills, knowledge and experiences could be made transferable and the notion of continuity of learning within the school and childrens wider life experiences outside school. Very often, the thematic approach tends to lie on childrens interests which then in turn branches out like the ripples from the stone thrown in the water. Cross-curricular learning is a creative approach which allows the flexibility for both teachers and children to become creative.

Cost and Value of Providing Domestic Partner Benefits Essay

Employers worldwide be beginning to embrace the idea of a national help match employee by reorganizing their benefit packages to include reportage for domestic colleagues in order to stay competitive and retain current employees. Most often these benefits are an extension of the same ones offered to married employees. The only variety being that a marriage is not a requirement. Many are confused by what exactly a domestic partner is and readily grow it refers to an individual that is part of a same-sex relationship. When, in fact, it preserve refer to a variety of situations in which two people commit to and build a lifetime together. Just as married couples do, they usu whollyy share bank accounts, financial obligations, home, meals, and a host of other things with one another. A domestic partner is be as, a person you live with and have sexual relations with, solely are not married to (Merriam-Webster.com, 2014).It was in 1986 that the living arrangements of a domestic pa rtner were first described as two persons sharing a family household but are not joined in a traditional marriage, common law marriage, or civil union. The rising cost of seeking health check attention is making it nearly impossible these days to live without insurance coverage. Not recognizing our employees that are in unmarried opposite and same sex relationships is creating unnecessary financial hardships and stress. Changing the current benefit plan to include domestic partners leave behind progress to a happier more committed employee for the business. Happy employees are more productive and aid the bottom line. It is important to note, that if something should happen to an employee or their signifi firet other that medical attention is easily and readily available allowing the employee to return to work sooner. As an employer, we have a moral obligation to respond to the assumes of our employees. We can borrow by allowing them to define in their own terms what a family i s to them.BackgroundMCJAR, Inc. has suffered due to the loss of three of their high ranking positions resigning. The reasoning behind their leniency was due to lack of benefits being offered to their domestic partners. As in all positionsthe human resources person, Keri Miller, has posted the open position with much success. She had found three sure-fire candidates to fill the positions with high qualifications, but all three had turned down the job once they learned virtually the lack of benefits being offered to those in domestic partnerships. Once finding out the candidates had turned down the positions, Ms. Miller had created a survey to give out to all employees to have sex and turn in. The survey asked nigh how they felt about the current benefit package being offered to all employees at MCJAR, Inc.The results of the survey showed that those that were in a domestic relationship were unhappy of the benefits. That those in domestic partnerships are currently feel for work elsewhere because they feel they are not being treated fairly. Ms. Miller is understanding of the restriction on the benefits being offered due to the cypher concerns. Ms. Miller also understands that the cost of the benefits may be minimal, just need to research the cost of adding domestic partnership benefits to the animate plan. Ms. Miller is also concerned to how the public will perceive the company unless the concerns of benefits being offered to those in a domestic partnership are resolved. Key ProblemsPrimarily, the budget is already agonistic due to the comprehensive benefits package we currently offer our employees. We must carefully weigh the cost of providing benefits to those in a domestic partnership, not only for our current employees, but potential bran-new hires as well. If we are to pip room, where can we make these adjustments? Will they be from a specific department, from employees pay, or perhaps we need to scale down our benefits package to make room for a dditional benefactors. Each option we look at has many different consequences, we may lose employees or productivity due to our lack of foresight.In addition, we must consult and potentially alter our corporate policies and if possible those of Federal and State as well. Federal law will be the nigh simple to circumnavigate if there is any rebuttal, but having the proper documentation will be the diagnose to success. State law will also require the same attention. Correct wording is crucial for ensuring equal authority and proper application of power of attorney. Lastly, we need to adjust the new benefits package to match the modified policies and procedures. This includes everything fromnew hire training, corporate office signage, and our own interweb support. Finally, and most complicated is the reworking our benefits package with our health usefulness providers, and insurance companies. We need to make sure that each person is covered with the same benefits. We also need to ma ke sure that we can lower or maintain our current deductible with the increase in the number of patients being seen, and consequent incidents being filed. This process can take be lengthy at times and will be battled on two fronts. First is the unhappy employees without benefits, and the other is insurance companies fighting to make themselves greater profits. SolutionsProviding domestic partner benefits will give the company a competitive edge, improve employee morale, and create an equal business environment, with minimal additional cost to the companys already strained budget. According to the Fickewirth Benefits Advisors (2012), website the majority of the nations largest companies provide benefits to the domestic partners of their employees. This trend is increasing in order to retain and attract talented employees. A domestic partner benefit plan can yield to employees satisfaction and, therefore, produce a greater willingness to stay and recommend the company to others. This can be of great advantage because it can improve employee productivity. Employees will also feel that they have a safety net for their families thereby allowing them to better focus on work. Employers have raised the arguments about high cost, but despite such perception the overall cost of adding these benefits is quite low.In the end, implementing the new domestic partner plan will help this corporation to thrive. Solutions are listed as follows Implementing a new domestic partner benefits plan for all employees Current employees are looking elsewhere since they have no access to domestic benefits. The way to rectify this problem is to implement domestic partner benefits plan. Before implementing this plan, Human Resource theatre director Keri Miller needs to have a private meeting with all managers involved in this matter along with a financial advisor. With everyone present, these topics can be thoroughly discussed and changed as needed, such as federal, state, and corporate po licies or the application of a reasonable savings plan. Some existing benefits can be cut, but in the end the financial advisor will try to use the proper solutions to make sure the company is not affected in a negativemanner that can hurt the morale of employees, the companys profit or production.An expert on the health benefits package needs to be also present in order to obtain the right guidance on how to rework the benefits plan with all health service providers and insurance companies. put to death things in this manner will ensure that the business can safely implement the new plan and be sure that it can afford to retire benefits to domestic partners. Once all issues are addressed and the plan is given approval, a meeting should be held to inform all employees. The companywide meeting will be arranged to discuss this issue with employees who have domestic partners and are interested in the plan. The Human Resources Director should direct the meeting along with other aid m anagers that can assist employees after the meeting has ended. During this meeting, the new plan can be addressed and encouraging words used to assure employees that the company cares about them and their needs. It demonstrates that the company values equality among their employees.After the discussion, the manager can have a space of time for questions and answers. This encourages good communication between employees and managers. The assistant managers can have a few tables set up at the back of the room so that when the meeting has concluded employees that have more in reasonableness questions or issues they can discuss them privately. Employees can obtain further guidance in the subject if needed and also have the opportunity to update and complete paperwork needed for enrollment in the new domestic partner benefits plan. As employees are exiting managers can hand out new surveys regarding the new benefits and turn them in the following day. This survey will ensure that the com pany has proper feedback from employees that state how satisfied they are with the changes being do to the benefits package. Modifications can then be made accordingly if needed, to ensure that employees are fully satisfied in this matter and all other areas as well. Having good communication and treating everyone well will make certain that there is a positive work environment in the business and thus improving it greatly.Send letters to former employees informing them of new planFollowing the implementation of the new domestic partner benefits plan, past employees who resigned due to this subject should also be informed and properly contacted. Letters can be sent to former employees notifying themof the newly offered domestic partner benefits and extend an invitation for them to return to the company. Promote the recently implemented internal Partners Benefits Plan Publicize to all outside sources that a domestic partner benefit plan has been implemented. This includes updating the companys website and other sources that promote employment for MCJAR Inc. The quick and timely complete of this exciting information regarding the renovation of our company offered benefits may inspire many potential new hires to apply for employment opportunities and decrease the amount of current vacancies. As a result from all these changes, the companys productivity and success will increase as a whole. RecommendationsAs a condition of employment, most employers require their employees to register for company provided benefits. It is recommended that MCJAR, Inc. develop a list of set criteria that would define an eligible domestic partnership. Common criteria used by many employers today are that the couple must live and maintain a home together for a minimum of six months and can provide proof. Next, financial mutuality must also be proved. They both must be at least 18 years of age and not legally married to anyone. MCJAR, Inc. has the blank of choosing their own crite ria and should do so as soon as possible. Offering domestic partner benefits will help MCJAR, Inc. reflect diversity as a company. It will also help recruit and retain employees, and boost employee satisfaction with very little additional cost.ReferencesAdvisors, F. B. (2014). Fickewirth Benefits Advisors. Retrieved from Fickewirth Benefits Advisors http//www.fickewirth.com/ask-an-expert.php?ask Astray-Caneda, E. E. (2011, Volume 40, No. 2). Offering Same-Sex Domestic Partner Benefits to Government Employees Reasons, Examples, and Methods. Public Personnel Management, 89-97. Bevins, F. &. (2013, January). Making time management the organizations priority. McKinsey Quarterly. Retrieved from Insights and Publications http//www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/making_time_management_the_organizations_priority hrc.org. (2014, May 12). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from hrc.org http//www.hrc.org/ James Schaefer, M. (2009, Volume 12, case

Brief Shoe Horn Sonata Essay

A wise man once said, In the end we will remember not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends. Two women who go through horrific scenes of war and ill treatment of the Nipponese but their friendship is what gives them purpose, comfort and force play to carry on. Though after fifty years of the War and of being separated they have no ill feelings toward the Japs but be randyly disunite by their separation. This is the apologue of The Shoe Horn Sonata.The Shoe-Horn Sonata is characterised by having a ii act structure, two main time frames, two settings and two main characters. The two sets are the television studio and the motel room. These are visually presented depersonalised and simple, allowing theatrical flexibility. The interplay of dialogue, harmony, sound effects and projected images work together to create wartime setting and an extra emotional dimension to the play.The audiences proximity to the stage enhances the intimacy created by the bareness of th e stage and the re-connection of the two main characters Bridie an Australian Army Nurse & Sheila a British Civilian. The broad emotional feel of the play is embedded in the dialogue of the script that uses idiomatic expression and juxtaposition to individualise the characters personalities and backgrounds. Descriptive expression is utilise to recapture the past, exposing fears, secrets and hopes. Humour is also used to soften some of the horrors of the past.The conversational tone of the interview sessions add explicit detail while establishing the creditability of the witnesses. practice of medicine complements the visual action of the text. The lyrics of songs and the chosen music illuminates multiple interpretations of sonata within the play in that the music often functions to relay historical events and the more personal story of Bridie and Sheila. Even when the numbers in their choir decimated they continued for they thought it was up to them to carry on.We sang our sonat a whenever we could so the camp would know there was still music left. Music therefore became pivotal to their survival, a symbol of willpower and determination. This is seen in Act One, Scene 3 with the singing of Jerusalem. It highlights the historical scope of the scene and it is also sung by Bridie and Sheila to help them get through their ordeal of waiting in the water when their ship had been sunk. These projected images reinforce the historical accuracy of what is being said.It allows the audience to visualise not only the action between the two main protagonists but also of the projected images. These images juxtapose and hover deeply within the responder. These images are a background to the dialogue and show a glimpse in the past containing photographs of ships burning in Singapore Harbour, the Japanese invasion and the malnutrition of prisoners at war. They effectively communicate information and ideas as well as linking the past to the present.Light is another among th e many other visual devices used in the play to help develop themes and characters. It is used simply and effectively to create atmosphere within the text, as well as to draw vigilance to the characters. This is done through the interplay of light and dark, via spotlighting, blackouts and fade outs. When Bridie and Sheila are emotionally separated they are often lit separately, whereas once reconciled by the end of the play, they are lit in partnership.This also highlights the power of the theme friendship in the play. As they dance, the lights gradually fade while the spotlight shines on the shoe horn. This visually indicates its symbolic importance, as an object that brought them together, forced them apart and then in the end reunited them. Therefore it is evident through the various effective visual and literary techniques, that this distinctively visual texts convey distinctive experiences and therefore change the way we view visual elements and our perception of them.

Prototype

Prototype Theory Rosch (1976) has proposed an alternative to the view that concepts atomic number 18 composed from sets of features which necessarily and sufficiently define instances of a concept. Rosch proposes that concepts be best viewed as prototypes a bird is not best defined by reference to a set of features that refer to such matters as wings, warm-bloodedness, and egg-laying characteristics, but rather by reference to typical instances, so that a prototypical bird is something more like a robin than it is like a toucan, penguin, ostrich, or even eagle.This is the theory of prototypes. As we saw in the preceding section, individuals do have ideas of typical instances of colors, and these ideas be remarkably similar among various cultural groups. Such comparison in views, however, is found not only in reference to birds and colors.A variety of experiments has shown that spate do in fact classify quite consistently objects of unhomogeneous kinds according to what they re gard as being typical instances for example, (1) furniture, so that, whereas a chair is a typical item of furniture, an ashtray is not (2) fruit, so that, whereas apples and plums are typical, coconuts and olives are not and (3) clothing, so that, whereas coats and trousers are typical items, things like bracelets and purses are not (Clark and Clark, 1977, p. 64). The remarkably uniform behavior that people exhibit in such tasks cannot be accounted for by a theory which says that concepts are formed from sets of defining features. Such a theory fails to explain why some instances are consistently held to be more typical or central than others when all exhibit the same set of defining features. Hudson (1996, pp. 75-8) believes that prototype theory has much to offer sociolinguists.He believes it leads to an easier account of how people canvass to use language, particularly linguistic concepts, from the kinds of instances they come across. He says (p. 77) that a prototype-based conce pt can be learned on the basis of a truly small number of instances perhaps a single one and without any kind of formal definition, whereas a feature-based definition would be very much harder to learn since a much larger number of cases, plus a number of non-cases, would be needed before the learner could work out which features were necessary nd which were not. Moreover, such a view allows for a more flexible approach to understanding how people actually use language. In that usage certain concepts are necessarily fuzzy, as the theory predicts they will be, but that very fuzziness allows speakers to use language creatively. According to Hudson, prototype theory may even be applied to the social situations in which speech occurs.He suggests that, when we hear a new linguistic item, we associate with it who typically seems to use it and what, apparently, is the typical occasion of its use. Again, we need very few instances even possibly just a single one to be able to do this. Of course, if the particular instance is atypical and we fail to recognize this fact, we could be in for some discomfort at a later time when we treat it as typical. Prototype theory, then, offers us a possible way of look not only at how concepts may be formed, i. . , at the cognitive dimensions of linguistic behavior but also at how we achieve our social competence in the use of language. We judge circumstances as being typically this or typically that, and we place people in the same way. We then adapt our language to fit, making it appropriate to the situation and the participants as we view these. (Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1998. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. 232-233. )

Whirlpool Europe

reel Europe Harvard Business School Case Study 9-202-017 The introduction of an green light Resource System (ERP) pic solution TO QUESTION 1 The Enterprise Resource Planning System is a cross-functional information organisation that represents an important development for Whirlpool and an important bea of activity for the information management function. instead of focusing on the information processing requirements of melodic phrase functions, ERP softw be focuses on supporting the business processes involved in the functions of a business.The introduction of enterprise-wide computer networking makes it possible to control all in all major business processes within a single software design. ERP arrangings are commonly composed of four major parts, book binding accounting, manufacturing, sales and human resources. This forces organizations to ope outrank along business processes. Three activities that need to be carried unwrap in order to try to match supply and demand, with which ERP system helps 1. Forecast demand 2. Plan the level of capacity that the operation is likely to need to meet the forecast demand, both in the long and the short term. . guard the use of that capacity. This involves the allocation of people, equipment and other resources to the various work tasks to ensure the smooth running of the operation in the short term. There is a number of benefits that Whirlpool foreseen to gain, from the introduction of an ERP system, in various tangible and intangible areas. Observable tangible benefits come from lowering cost for selective information communication and telecommunication. In addition, there are intangible benefits associated with improved flow of information throughout the organization.However, increased user satisfaction and response condemnations compensate the system complexity and potential data inconsistencies. Being an integrated solution, ERP, grants benefits from increased efficiency, and improved quality, productivi ty and favourableness. ERP software penetrates functional departments and can be extended along the supply chain to suppliers and customers. The ERP system, being an industrial software, helps a business manage the important functions of its business, including product prep, parts purchasing, maintaining inventories, interacting with suppliers, providing customer service and tracking order.Hence, a smoother and more transparent flow of all of these activities leave alone mainly enhance monitoring of the supply chain. The following tabularise reflects a smooth presentation of Whirlpools foreseen benefits Benefits Description of expectations upon capital punishment of the ERP system Working Capital decrement Make its supply chain more transparent and efficient. As a result, eliminate 8 days sales of archive (DSI) of allocated and reserved unites, 9 days of transit and 3 obsolete. Reduce 12 days of inventory in each wave. R regular(a)ue and Gross Margin emergence product av ailability by Increase making the supply chain more visible and integrating sales forecasting and inventory management. Enable the social club to realize an increase in unit sales equal to 25% of the improvement in product availability. The incremental sales would contri hardlye to increasing the profitability of Whirlpool Europe. A 0. 25% gross margin increase by the second social class after implementation. Benefits Description of expectations upon implementation of the ERP system Other apostrophize Savings modify the processing and management of customer orders. Reduce the 79 order desk employees by 18%, at an average cost of $40,000 per year per employee. Simplify the accounting function and result in a 15% reduction in the 60 finance employees. Expected cost saving was $45,000 per year for each employee that was eliminated. Reduce inventory, thus warehouse outer space could be reduced by 15%. Reduce the number of returned units by eliminating shipping err ors. Reduce bad debt disbursal and information system expenses. From Exhibits 3 and 4, we can also analyse the following The West wave enjoys the lowest DSI as a result, it enjoys the highest rates of units sell, revenue and therefore margin. Unfortunately the product availability percentage is low at this stage relatively speaking- (only 73. 5%). Whirlpool tar thwarts 92% of product availability with the introduction of the ERP system. The interchange wave has the highest DSI, thus it is most likely to be the number one beneficiary from the DSI reduction resulting from the introduction of the ERP system. It is logical to notice that the West and South waves keep notice benefit of 40% improvement by the second year of implementation this is simply because they have already enjoyed the two lowest rates of DSI even prior to introduction of the ERP system. Similarly, the Central and North waves would notice the improvement of 40% immediately on implementation again this is beca use they both had had the highest DSI prior to introduction of the ERP system. ANSWER TO QUESTION 2Whirlpool has carefully considered the capital expenditures, depreciation time of capital equipment as sanitary as implementation requirements and costs (employee training, creation, testing and certificate of new business process and installation of the ERP software). This logical calculation helps out the community to evaluate the results of introducing the ERP system and estimate its profit prior to making the decision, because such(prenominal) innovative decisions must be profitable and if not, they should not be introduced.Whirlpool has done a long-term capacity planning, which is concerned with decisions that take a long time to implement, and with large amount of capital investment, such as installing the ERP system. Whirlpool has carried out operations scheduling by allocating people to processes in order to get the work done, with the following objectives The product or s ervice is delivered on time The operation performs smoothly, giving optimum efficiencies The cash flow involved in the operation is equilibrate. The following table shows Whirlpools Capital Expenditures picFigures above in US$000 Depreciation = 0. 2 million as of the third year, for 5 historic period The following table shows the Operational Costs pic Figures above in US$000 Taking into consideration the forecasted other expense savings, the operational expenditures would be as shown in the Grand Total below pic Figures above in US$000 From the figures above, we can conclude that Whirlpool would absorb resources and incur costs through balancing out the operational costs against the operational savings, as follows IT Equipment & Software Whirlpool will pay high costs for the equipment oer the first four years of implementation. It will also buy software license for the first two years this is for the servers and clients. On top of this comes the license precaution which starts immediately on the second year of implementation and remains paid on an annual basis. This is extra cost that Whirlpool will have to cover and justify by long-term planning and reaching a point where all this extra cost is paid back. This is explained in the following points. Human Resources Hiring consultants for the installation and boosting of the system. Number of consultants does not remain the same, but rather reduces over time. Consultants are evaluate to train stave, thus their cost will end once Whirlpools own trained staff continue doing the job. Conclusion consultants cost stops by the fourth year of implementation. Using current employees, 50 of them, reduces the cost of hiring new ones. make their capacity at an extra cost is more feasible than hiring and training fresh ones. Operations & Accounting Ongoing operation and license maintenance costs would increase over time, but this is met by the reductions foreseen through o Simplifying the processing and management o f customer orders. o cut down the 79 order desk employees by 18%, at an average cost of $40,000 per year per employee. o Simplifying the accounting function and result in a 15% reduction in the 60 finance employees. Expected cost saving was $45,000 per year for each employee that was eliminated. Reducing inventory, thus warehouse space could be reduced by 15%. o Reducing the number of returned units by eliminating shipping errors. o Reducing bad debt expense and information system expenses. From the above, it is obvious that the new operational costs are balanced with the operational savings thus by the 2005 Whirlpool would cover the operational cost of implementing this system and start benefiting as of 2005 onwards. This is seen in the positive figure chthonian the Grand Total (103). ANSWER TO QUESTION 3 The main highlights of the study are 1.Capital expenditure This includes all payment that will be made for the estimate which is in this case the price of the capital equipment and software licenses (see table below). pic Figures above in US$000 2. receipts which is the inflow of assets such as cash, amount owed to a business by debtors or reduction in abilities that arise as a result of trading operations. In this case revenue increase is expected because of implementing the application. Such increase in the revenue will be a result of integration, error reduction, inventory saving, etc. 3.Cost of goods sold this is the cost of the goods bought then sold to customers, like transportation, storage, maintenance, etc. 4. Operating expenditures, as in the following table pic Figures above in US$000 The table above shows two contrasting calculations during the implementation of the ERP system A) A reduction of order desk employees (0. 18 X 79 X $40,000) finance employees (0. 15 X 60 X $45,000) Warehouse space by 15% Eliminate shipping errors , reduce returns by (30 X 0. 03 X units sold) Reduce bad debt expenses Reduce information systemsB) An addition of license maintenance fees to start on 2000 by $0. 1 million each year and increased by 0. 1 each next year, fifteen consultant in 1999, nine in 2000 and seven in 2001, four for following year (average monthly cost is $15,400 X 12 month X number of consultants), and lead person task on 2000 till 2004 on $600,000 a year. 5. Depreciation expense This is the portion of the cost of fixed assets that has been used up in generating revenues accepted during a particular period. The depreciation rate is 20% over five years (capital expenditure X 0. ). We have to be careful to stop depreciating capital expenditure after 5 years from the year capital expenditure was added, i. e. capital expenditure of 2000 is depreciated by 2005. 6. Taxable earnings Which is the essence of Revenue (Cost of goods sold + Operation Expenditure + Depreciation Expense). 7. Taxes Each company has to pay their own tax on profit, the calculation of the tax would be based on the profit of the year (Taxable Ear ning X Profits Tax Rate). 8. Earnings after taxes This is the profit minus taxes to be paid which heart and soul (Taxable Earning Taxes). . Add back depreciation This is the same amount of depreciation but in positive take account. 10. hard currency flow from operations This is equal to earnings after taxes + the add back depreciation. 11. Reduction in need for Inventory This is the result of DSI reduction by 12 days, and as a result warehouse space reduction of 15%. 12. Cash flow This is the total of the transactions (Capital expenditure + cash flow from operation + Reduction in need for inventory). This is the Profit amount which starts in 2001. 13.Discount Factor This is the rate applied to future cash flows to derive the present value of those cash flows (1/(1+r)n) where r is give notice ratio and n number of years. This factor keeps reducing over time. 14. Discounted cash flow This is the value of cash flow in the coming years which equal to (Cash flow X terminate factor) = Present value for that year. 15. Sum of discounted cash flow This is the NPV (Net Present Value) which is the total discounted cash flow from 1999 till 2007. NPV is a method of investment appraisal based on present value of all relevant cash flow associated with the throw away.To decide whether the project is acceptable (profitable) we check the NPV (sum of discounted cash flow). In our case it is a positive figure with 23. 883, which means that the project is acceptable and profitable. Recommendation I recommend Whirlpool corporation to proceed with the implementation of the proposed ERP system, because the NPV is positive (>0), which means that the project will add income to the company starting from the third year (2001) onwards, and as a total cash flow after taking consideration the risk, inflation and interest rates include in the discounted factor.Please biramous click on the table below to see how all the calculations above are incorporated. pic ANSWER TO QUESTION 4 P lease double click on the table below to see how all the changes are incorporated. pic From the changes weve incorporated in the sheet above, we can conclude that The higher we increased the discount rate the more we reduced the NPV When the discount rate was 9%, the NPV was 23. 883. When the discount rate was raised to 15%, the NPV went down to 5. 824. The IRR is the discount rate which will give us an NPV of exactly zip.If the discount rate were zero, the NPV would be the sum of the net cash flows. No account would be taken of the time value of money. However, if we resume increasing discount rates, there is a corresponding decrease in the NPV of the project. When the NPV line crosses the horizontal axis there will be a zero NPV and the point where it crosses is the IRR. From several trials on the amended sheet, the following table and charts are resulted Discount Rate NPV 9% 23,883 15% 5,824 23% 1,560 25% 712 27% (29) From the table and chart above, as well as from exce l calculations we notice that NPV equals zero when the IRR equals 26. 82. On the other hand, since the IRR here is 26. 82%, which is > cost of capital (15%), we conclude that the project is accepted. Recommendation I would recommend Whirlpool to consider the low discount rate if it seeks good return on its investment otherwise the high discount rate would cause failure of the project. Answer to Question 5 Business graduate clevernesss outcome Example of how work on this TMA has contributed to my Self-assessment of current level of skill skills development high/medium/low any actions to be taken Using examples and analysing case studies to enhance Through referring back to the module as well as the Medium, more analysis would result in higher understanding, support conclusions and illustrate accounting text book, I was able to understand a plug ofunderstanding. issues concerning business functions in accounting concepts, even prior to the lecture itself. organisational cont exts Problem solving and decision making When calculating the depreciation, a lot of trials tookHigh position before finding the lost hook, which was the depreciation over 5 years is calculated from the first year expenditures are spent Understanding the way in which numbers are used in I had an idea on this before, but not with such Medium, more accounting practices are the core business functions details this TMA has enhanced and broadened my required understanding. Interpreting spreadsheets for managing numbers and From this TMA I learned how the various calculations Medium, it took me a while to come up with quantitative analysis and formulas are made and how substantial accountants the calculations in the spreadsheet and are in the decision making process. linking them together. pic

Too Much Pressure

Colleen Went states that stratageming has been on the rise due to the fact that many teachers accept it. The teachers knew that these things went on, tho nobody seems to do anything about them. With so many people cheating, teachers have a hard time tracking down who cheated and who didnt. Teachers assign homework either day, and they have over a hundred students. With so much assignments pouring in to be graded, teachers usually have students peer edit the assignment or they Just glance at it.The student could have Just written down something foolish and the teacher wouldnt notice. On account of this, many teachers think cheating is fine. Because many teachers ignore cheating that is occurring right under their noses, so many students get away with It. The lenient consequences that are given to students for cheating, is another factor that is create an increase in cheating. Penalties for getting caught cheating are mild. If someone was caught cheating, that assignment or test i s usually confiscated, and you ere given a zero for that assignment.However, your parents were not called, and you were not suspended. Getting a zero on one assignment doesnt hurt that much and the cheater doesnt even learn a lesson. Due to the light consequences, students cheat even more in school. Colleen Went used exposition style of writing. Through exposition, she informs, explains, and clarifies her ideas and thoughts. Exposition goes beyond description to help the reader understand with greater lucidness and depth the Ideas and thoughts.

Leigh Ann Walker, Staff Accountant Essay

Leigh Ann Walker was an exceptional student in college. Her 3.9 grade point average and her involvement in numerous business organizations set her apart from around other students. As a dissolving agent of her hard work and dedication on campus, Leigh Ann received a total of six job gallops. Upon graduation, Leigh Ann accepted an offer from a Big Six accounting firm to be an entry-level auditor. Despite such accomplishments, we believe that Leigh Ann made a significant mistake by deceit to her supervisor about her certified public accountant examination, and that she was rightly punished for her actions.We feel as if Leigh Anns supervisor, Jackie Vaughn, did not overreact in this situation, but rather she handled the situation wish a professional should. The common accounting industry is one that has substantially high standards for integrity and honesty, and in order to maintain that reputation, the individualists that frame the industry mustiness not compromise their standa rds in any way. Further, the public accounting industry is in an even large spotlight today as a result of high-profile accounting scandals that have taken place in recent years. The process of regaining trust from the public can take many years later on significant phoney schemes such as those that occurred about a decade ago.Due to such a high importance of integrity in the public accounting industry, we would have dealt with this situation in a similar manner that both Jackie Vaughn and Don Roberts did. Although the actions of Leigh Ann are not to the scale of untrustworthyy that large fraud schemes are, we believe that if someone is faithful in little things, he/she will be faithful in larger ones, and in the same way, if someone is dishonest in little things, he/she will not be honest with greater responsibilities. So even though Leigh Anns lying about her CPA exam dates had nothing to do with a large financial fraud scheme, she still lied about a small situation, which cou ld easily lead to larger dishonest acts in her future career.In Roberts point of view, he likely views each of the staff members in his firm as potential partners and future finis makers for his firm. Leigh Anns way of hiding her embarrassment by lying about when she planned to take the CPA examination demonstrates that she lacks personal integrity. If Roberts were to allow such an individual to progress in his firm to a position of significant decision making, he could be jeopardizing the reputation, and even more important, the future existence of his firm. Roberts decision to allow Leigh Ann go was not solely based on his own reasoning, either, as he consulted with three other partners in the firm as to how he should go about handling the situation.However, this does not go without saying that Roberts has personal integrity, either. At the end of the case, Roberts clearly demonstrates his lack of honesty by telling Leigh Ann that he, and the other partners, would not reveal the reason why she was dismissed if they were contacted by her potential employers in the future. This case is a demonstration that personal integrity is difficult to find practiced about anywhere. The importance of teaching honesty and integrity to the future leaders of this country is of utmost importance.

Understand the Main Legislation for Safeguarding Children

Unit 333 Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of electric s consumerren and young people. Outcome 1 Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people. The safe guarding of children has only if been demonstrable in the last 50 years. However it is a vital part of works with children. The legislations, guidelines and policies for safeguarding are updated completely the time for the best have-to doe with of the children.The current legislations are as follows * The Children Act 1989 this deed of conveyance shows the responsibilities of parents and professionals when ensuring childrens sentry duty. There are two important sections which focus on child protection. Section 47 the local say-so has a duty to investigate when they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child in their area is suffering significant harm. Section 17 services must be put in place to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in the area who are in need.The main aims of this act where to achieve a balance between protecting children and the honorables of parent to ch in allenge state intervention, encourage partnership between statutory authorities and parents, restructure the simulation of the courts in particular with regards to family proceedings and finally redefining the concept of parental responsibility. * Every Child Matters are the guidelines which lead to the Children Act 2004.The main points of the act are, there should be a much closer relationship between agencies such as health professionals, schools and welfare services, there should be a shared data understructure of information which if relevant to the safety and welfare of children, Earlier support for parent experiencing problems, Ofsted to set a frame work that depart monitor childrens services. This became a legal requirement and Local safeguarding children boards (LSCB) were formed to carry tabu these incompatible things. Educati on Act 2002 Sets out the responsibilities of local education authorities, governing bodies, head teachers and all those working in schools to en certain(a) children are safe and free from harm. * The United Nation Convention on the rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC) Protects the rights of children, setting out the guidelines for what a child is entitled to regardless of their background treat every child as equal and respecting their human rights.Things such as, a right to education and health care, the right to grow up in a loving happy and understanding environment, the right to develop personalities abilities and potential to the best of their abilities and the right to special protection measures or assistance. The UK signed this legislation in 1990 and ratified it in 1991. * The Common assessment framework (CAF) aims to determine whether a child has additional needs at a young age and support this to make sure their needs are met. The department of education provides guidance f or the local authorities including schools in two different policies which are, working together to safeguard children 2010 (sets out the duties of organisations and how they must work together to safeguard children) and what to do if youre worried a child is being demoralize 2006 (looks at the actions all adults should take if they are concerned about child). There are many guidelines, policies and procedures that affect our day to day work when safeguarding children.As we follow all these policies and procedures it affects they way in which we work with children for example the child protection policy, this makes it our responsibility to record and report if there is a child that raises concerns of hazard abuse. The school will also have to check that and concerns are investigated and followed up and also that if any photos are taken of the children that parents have given permission for this. Another procedure would be the risk assessments that are carried out daily.This is par t of the daily routine but when looked at from a different perspective it is another procedure that is set out to safeguard children. It is put in place to make sure that the children are safe and free from harm whilst in the setting and any concerns about safety are reported and sorted before the children are allowed to either play with that equipment or go in the area to train they are safe. Making sure that a situation that could potentially cause harm is safe and fine to use.Ensuring the voice of a child is heard, all agencies involved in the safeguarding of children will ensure that the voice of the child is heard particularly in times of distress or trauma as then the support they need can be given. The LSCB are set up by the local authority to make sure that all children are being looked after and the safeguarding and wellbeing of children is being followed. overly if a school has a concern about a child the LSCB will make sure outside agencies work together for the best in terest of the child.The Childcare practice is an important policy that all childcare or schools will have to follow that is from nannies all the way through to schools. All professionals working with children will have to ensure that they have a criminal record bureau (CRB) before starting work. Each organisation will also have to show that they are following the correct safeguarding policies and procedure when dealing with situations and also when reporting them.All of these guidelines are use not only locally but nationally to ensure that all the children are safe and their well-being is top priority on a day-to-day basis. When report a safeguarding issue it is vital that the guidelines are followed and followed correctly. Child protection is the term used when referring to the policies and procedures put in place to protect children and young people against suspicion or harm or abuse.Safeguarding has widely started to replace the term child protection when in the context of adu lts working with children and managing the issues relating to child protection, this is because it has a wider definition of the ways that adults will react to these issues. This has been design to preclude the risks of harm rather than react to them. The LSCB regulations of 2006 states that serious case reviews (SCRs) will be required in situations where a child dies due to known or suspected abuse or neglect. It may be the case if a child has suffered serious or even life threatening injuries.The purpose of a SCR is for agencies to reason and determine what lessons have been learned from the situation and how the professionals need to work in the future. Then a report for the public will be composed so recommendations are known. The data protection act 1998 sets out the way that a school keeps and store information. Under this act the information gathered for safeguarding and children protection should only be used for this reason and if the pupil concerned or their parents wish to see this information they have a right to access it.There are a few exceptions to this rule such as, * Information which may cause serious harm or risk of abuse to health of the pupil. * Information given to a court or in adoption or parental order records * Copies of examination scripts or marks prior to their release * Unstructured personal information, or information which is held manually and not in school records. They are also entitled to their own educational records as well.

Operations Strategy of Asa Essay

The mission of ASA, Inc. is to leave alone students with a more at ease option for food, a reasonably price of the food and pitch services. It would seem to be encouraging students to practice session the on campus food service as opposed to off campus foods. This mission was seen as a broadcast to keep business on campus. ASAs competitive advantage is the location, more than half of the students will whitewash be eating at the ASA facilities. ASA is a specialized food-services operator for university and college, through the surveys to determine customer postulate and the market trends. ASAs core competencies are location of facilities, they could provide a right(a) product fast and more conveniently than off campus competitors. For example, the pizza service, ASA can provide saving service quicker and at a lower cost.Initially, Renee Kershaw chooses to use her pizza operations to compete with off campus eateries base on delivery service and price. The pizza is delivering b y the bicycle on-campus. Students would have not only greater variety only if also the convenience of having food delivered quickly to their rooms. Kershaw special the combinations of toppings available to keep costs down and provide fast delivery. Her competitive priorities were delivery speed and price. The on-campus location and limited combinations of toppings make these priorities possible.The new food tap located on-campus, have the same advantage as ASA. The direct competitor, Pizza Hut was providing a limited selection of pizzas on a walk-up-and-order basis. Most likely they can also provide product at similar prices, and offering a limited menu. But Pizza Hut has the brand names. However, ASA still maintains its delivery advantage. The new competitive priorities might focus on expending product variety and provide good quality, because the grills supervisor had told that the requests for pizza toppings and combinations not on the menu had steadily increased, it show that a customer interest in variety.An increased in product variety will affect two service and cost. The capacities of existing equipment and space allocated for making and cooking pizzas now were insufficient to meet demand. Kershaw will neediness to add capacity and to hire additional workers to maintain service.

Corporate Social Responsibility and branding Essay

1. IntroductionIn this chapter the background of the thesis allow be presented and discussed. Moreover, a literature review, query riddle and re chase questions forget be introduced in browse to get an understanding of the field of field of study intention. This is followed by the limitations and disposition.1.1 BackgroundThe companies of now argon very aw ar of what the existence and other stakeholders demand from the companies way of handle their responsibilities (Burchell, 2008). In order to bring in a strategy for the protection of their blemish image and character many companies find themselves engaging in in mergedd affectionate Responsibility activities (Kotler and Lee 2005), from now on abbreviated CSR. The desire of doing well and doing reasoned in the society in which the company is operating have been of increasing interest world encompassing during the last decade. As a number, corporate reporting on social accountability initiatives flush toilet more than often be found in companies marketing strategies (Kotler and Lee, 2005). Even though CSR activities are increasing among todays organizations there is still lack of a general universally definition of this fantasy (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). still in a broad perspective CSR is understood and described as the way companies integrate social, stinting and milieual matters into their internal organization (values, culture, decision making and strategy), which breaths to establishment of better society, wealth and better practices inside the company (Horrigan, 2010).Considering the breadth of CSR it can subsequently be described in many different call corporate responsibility, corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate citizenship, sustainable development etc (Benn and Bolton, 2011). In a shorter explanation, CSR can hence be explained as the relationship among a corporation and its stakeholder (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). Already in 1972 the American p rofessor in Business Administration, Dow Votaw, stated that the amount pages on social responsibility written in our eon would aim up a small library. As it turns out, he was right. CSR is here to stay. The idea of taking responsibility beyond what the law demands has growingd since the millennial shift (Borglund, DeGeer and Sweet, 2012). Especially big organizations, both in the public and private sectors, are engaging in these changes of activities (Burchell, 2008).The benefits of a companys usage of CSR activities can lead to a better position in the market and a positive return on investment. On top of that of scarper the benefits for society, such as improvement of life or a cleaner environment (Kotler and Lee, 2005). On the other hand, many view CSR mainly as a step towards a reputation as a responsible business and as good citizens (Burchell, 2008). Either how, risks by avoiding to use this concept can lead to lack of legitimacy for the organization. Meyer and Rowan (19 77) too claim that when having a business it is fundamental to be accepted and to be legitimacy in the environment as well as having in force(p) and structured internal processes to survive. According to Grusch (2006) consumers actively scrutinize the local behavior of international companies.Their out-sourced ventures are also being observed, and knowledge regarding possible bad behavior reaches the ears of the public much more quickly than it apply to. Consequently, to the stakeholders awareness and other factors that can have an impact on a companys survival, it is therefrom important for companies to establish competitive advantage. Differentiation is a way to secure competitive advantage. By utilise a differentiation strategy a companys key strengths and core competencies builds up, and this is where CSR has an important reference for a companys crack as it gets differentiate by incorporating it in the corporate image. This kind of action can generate to better brand a ttitudes and in the long run this will result in brand loyalty (Grant, 2008).1.2 Literature review1.3 Problem discussionAs stated in the background, CSR is a burning question among todays companies. Stakeholders are starting to put more pressure level on companies responsibility in the society they are operating in, therefore, in order to get a competitive advantage CSR has become a major tool in their marketing strategy (Kotler and Lee, 2005).A branding law defined by Werther and Chandler (2005) shows that CSR will evoke attitudes towards the brand. Are these attitudes positive it will be lead to positive purchase decision and loyal customers, which break out companies competitive advantage (Roper and Fill 2012). In Kotler and Lees book (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Doing the most good for your company and your cause, they are describing examples of well-known organizations that have apply CSR to increase their brand value. It has therefore been a shift focus in the CS R debate, nowadays it is more a debate of how CSR activities should be used and how impressive it can be used as a branding tool, rather than if companies should use this concept or not (Smith, 2003). Based on the debate the question that arises is therefore in what way should CSR activities be used in order to be effective for a positive attitude towards the brand?Today there are many studies relating to the scope of CSR. Research does suggest there is a positive relationship in the midst of CSR and consumer attitudes towards brands and companies (Creyer and Ross 1997 Ellen, Mohr and Webb, 2000 Lacey and Kennet-Hensel, 2010). It is also shown in studies that CSR activities yield how the consumer behave when a certain brand appear in their mind (Becker-Olsen et al., 2006 Nhattacharya and Sen, 2004). However, most of these studies are center on people and brand perception in developed countries.The literatures were more specialized of how the CSR influences image of the brand in the western world and how the western public persuaded the brand of the CSR activities. When doing literature research, the amount of research studies around CSR in create countries were of a narrow amount. No study could be found nearly CSRs link to branding in a developings countries perspective, further, about how the locals (employers of the company and the consumer in the developing province) brand perception of CSR activities are.As the real life stories in Kotler and Lees book (2005) showed that CSR has an effective link to the brand. However, most of the organizations were paying the CSR activities in the country they operated in and the society had a good knowledge of what CSR is. Likewise, a study showed that the brand would be effected and look different if the consumers were aware of CSR of the companies (Boulstridge and Carrigan 2000). So the question that can be asked and discussed is if it will appear an effective link to a companys brand in a country that is no t developed?A research gap is therefore identified. If we place and conduct a study conducted in a western world in a developing countrys context, would the outcome be the same? Would there be a similar link between CSR and branding there?1.4 PurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the link between a companys CSR and its branding in a developing country. Based on the purpose the following research questions will be presented 1. What kind of CSR activities are being used to effectively increase positive attitudes towards the companys brand? 2. In what way is a companys CSR link to its brand in the Philippines? 3. And how do these attitudes create value for the brand?2. MethodologyIn this chapter the research methodological analysis applied in this thesis will be discussed. A description regarding the method design of the study will be explained in the following order research design, information collection, validity and reliability and data analysis.2. 1 Research onward motionThere are three type of studies identified by Yin (2003) searching, explanatory and descriptive. An exploratory research design tries to define the research question and form the hypothesis. A descriptive research in the other hand, tries to describe a different characteristic of a phenomena that arises. When doing a descriptive illustration study the data collection is being guided by theories. When conducting the explanatory research design it is about how it explains course of events and relate how things happened (Yin, 2003).According to Yin (2003) this thesis can be seen as a descriptive research as it will focus on describing what impact CSR has on branding. When using a descriptive research the problem is structured and understood, which means that existing literature about the paper of CSR and branding (Ghauri and Gronhaug 2010). And this kind of research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain an even better knowledge of a specific topic ( Gill and Johnson, 2010). Due to the research purpose, which is to investigate how CSR influences on a companys brand in the Philippines this research method fits the best among the three other ways.3.2 Research designI chose case studies method, because it enhances the understanding of what is pass on in a particular case and it can involve a detailed probe (Yin, 2009). This information that is gained from case studies are therefore relevant to answer some of my problem and research questions as I want to investigate companies CSR activities and observe these activities in order to understand its impact on the brand which is the data collection in my first section of the study. By a case study approach observations of a companies activities can be captured, which is in a way impossible to capture through questionnaires and interviews (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010).3.3.1 The case studyIn the beginning of March I will travel to the Philippines to carry on an 8 weeks field study which will give me the opportunity to study some Swedish/International companies CSR activities and how these activities partake their brand perception by interviewing the consumers and workers in country. The case study will therefore obtain information to fulfill my purpose. The choice of companies The information obtained will be from companies that use CSR activities in the Philippines. In order to fill the research gap I will be aiming for to study companies with well-known CSR activities.2.3 Data collectionA qualitative method will be used in order to collect the information for this thesis. Regarding to Trost (2005) a qualitative method is described as a method where the interviewer gathers the information on the interviewees feelings, thoughts and experiences. Hence, to the search of a deeper understanding of how CSR affects the brand perception, this qualitative approach fit the purpose of the thesis because it can give me a deep information regarding the employees and consumers opinions and feelings towards CSR in the Philippines and the brand which is the aim of this study.2.3.1 Qualitative interview designSemi-structures face-to-face-interview.4.4 robustness in qualitative researchDescriptive validity refers to the degree to which the actual description holds true (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010 p. 210). diagonal When interviewing the respondents a lifting description of the brand can appear, because they have been chosen to do this certain interview about the companies actions. Language is the basic tool of interviewing, and may especially be important in qualitative interviewing (Kvale, 1989). The interviews will be conducted by me in English and since communication is a very important in order to get the information it can appear some small misunderstanding as English is not my mother language. But by conducting a face to face interview, the body language and face cheek will increase the validity of the interviews.REFERENCESKotler, P., Wong, V., Saunde rs, J. and Armstrong, G. (2004). Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition. New Jersey FT- Prentice Hall.Burchell, J. 2008. The Corporate Social Responsibility Reader. London and New York Routledge.Kotler, P. and Lee, N. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Doing the Most Good for Your Company and Your sweat, Hoboken, New Jersey.Crowther, D. and Capaldi, N. (2008). The ashgate research companion to Corporate Social Responsibility. MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, CornwallSuchman, M. C. (1995) Managing Legitimacy Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of wariness Review, Vol 203, p 571-610.Benn, S. and Bolton, D. (2011). Key Concepts in Corporate SocialResponsibility. SAGE Publications Ltd LondonWerther, W.B. And Chandler, D. (2005) Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility as Global Brand Insurance, Business Horizons 48317-24.Boulstridge, E and Carrigan, M.Do consumers really care about corporate responsbility? Highlighting the attitude behavior gap. Journal of communication management, (2000) 359-360Gill, J and Johnson, P, 2010, Research Methods for Managers 4th Edition. SAGE Publications LtdGhauri, P and Gronhaug, K, 2010, Research Methods in Business Studies 4th edition. Pearson Education Limited.Trost, J, 2005, Kvalitativa intervjuer. Studentlitteratur, Lund.Halvorsen, K. (1989). Samhllsvetenskaplig Metod. capital of Norway Studentlitteratur ABYin, R.K, 2009, Case Study Research Design and Method. London SAGEEllen, P.S., Webb, D.J. & Mohr, L.A. (2006). Building corporate associations consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34 (2), 147-57. doi 10.1177/0092070305284976Creyer, E. H., & Ross, W. T., Jr. (1997). The influence of sozzled behavior on purchase intention Do consumers really care about business ethics? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(6), 42132. doi 10.1108/07363769710185999

Memo- Gazprom and Itera Essay

In the case knowledge of Gazprom and Itera, we see how different companies and authoritiesal organizations can potentially be able to exploit a full-grown partnership such as Gazprom for a large profit. Gazprom is a large gas and oil friendship that is treasured very cheaply compared to other large oil and gas companies (such as Exxon Mobil). Browder is a shareowner of Gazprom that identifies some(prenominal) questionable transactions that were done by Gazprom and other organizations that have relationships with Gazprom. He is questioning wherefore the undervaluation could have occurred based on the business being conducted by the oil giant.The problem that exists for Gazprom is that the market perceives the company to have lost 99 part of its assets, completely devaluing the price of its goods. In reality, only 10 percent of its assets were stolen, and the market is slowly trying to catch up to that truth. Browder is attempting to identify the transactions in order to pas s the large problem at hand. These transactions include organizations that work with Gazprom such as Itera (a gas transaction company) and PricewaterhouseCoopers (their internal auditor) devaluing the gas and oil Gazprom held in certain situations and reselling it for a profit. In one example, Itera bought gas valued at $35 a barrel from Turkmen gas and resold it to Gazprom for $45 a barrel. PwC thought this remainder was acceptable due to transportation costs, even though those were already taken care of separately. In general, the neediness of transparency and accountability being administered by management in Gazprom and its partner companies was a failure to its stockholders.Browders recommendations to the Russian government are vital, mainly due to the fact that it has a 38% controlling jeopardise in Gazprom. Because the vast majority of the operations conducted by Gazprom occur within Russias boundaries, it is up to the government to set the correct standards and close loop holes so that organizations and individuals will not exploit such situations. Browders recommendations to the U.S. and to the wag of Directors of Gazprom could be essential for enacting change within thecorporate surround to prevent such scrupulous transactions. though these changes could prove helpful in the reorganization of the company in the long run, the international political environment does not provide Gazprom with the best situation. The fact that Russias governmental body has so much imperil in the company can greatly complicate things due to the personal influence of those running the government.several(prenominal) members of the Russian government could fulfill a personal agenda using the governments adventure in the company as leverage (this could have been the case potentially with these transactions). This is also the case with PwC and Itera, both with a lot of power to take advantage of loopholes and other lucrative situations when it comes to Gazprom. There are several things Browder can do to combat this situation, but I think his strategy will be a difficult one to execute alone. He would need to collect more shareholder power sooner he steps forward with the resolutions. Involving the U.S. and Russian government will be difficult due to the dreamy manner in which these situations can be resolved. Taking care of the company from within should be he first move, but only with the appropriate number of people backing his plan.

Effects of Eating Fast Food Essay

We ar constantly looking for ways to make the daily obligations and our daily routine as speedy as possible. It is common that plurality complain that they do not have enough time to prepare nutriment at home different solutions have emerged to make life easier, much(prenominal) as fast intellectual nourishment. It has an cheap price, an attractive presentation, and we can find it everywhere. Also, has adapted to a new lifestyle and has achieved worldwide popularity. But fast food has some negative effects in peoples health causing illnesses such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease.Over time, the high levels of sugar and simple carbohydrates in fast food can lead to diabetes. Excess of sugar intake, obesity and metabolic syndrome related to insulin resistance, are all epochal risk factors for developing diabetes. The number of people living with diabetes worldwide, has more than doubled since 1980, from 153 million then to nearly 350 million in 2011 1. flying f ood does not contain the proteins that the body unavoidably to maintain unvarying blood sugar levels, so the blood sugar level will drop suddenly in short after feeding. Eating too much fast food can make people olfactory modality really uncomfortable and in a short time people can become obese.Fast food contains large amounts of fat, and as fat accumulates in peoples body, they will gain lean and could become obese. Weight gain occurs when people consume more calories than what they burn in a day. The most value meals served with fries and soda provide well over 1,000 calories per meal, which is more than the half average of what a person needs 2. So if a person eats fast food 3 quantify a day, he will be eating 150 percent of calories, which is more than what he needs in a day. A disease associated with obesity is cardiovascular disease, which can also cause peoples death.Higher densities of fast food restaurants are linked to a greater risk of cardiovascular health problems . The high levels of fat and sodium in fast food can contribute to meaning disease by raising blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and by contributing to arterial organisation build up 3. Fast food is often also packed with sources of excess added sugar and arrant(a) fats such as mayonnaise, cheese and soda. While this translates into excess calories and weight gain, it can also become and fencesitter risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels are indicators of cardiovascular disease and are associated with increase risk of heart attack and stroke, which it is why people should be careful.After all, fast food has been a creation for this modern time facilitating and adjusting to new lifestyles. Fast food is available everywhere, and because of this it is recommended that people know well-nigh the ingredients of fast food. This delicious food has components that make people addicted therefore, they are more frequently consumed. Also, ea ting this food makes people gain weight, ultimately affecting health. People should limit the consumption of these processed foods and bring about a new eating habit that includes fresh and home-made food.

Introduction of Gps

planetary POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 ASSIGNMENT I Prep are a detail write up regarding GPS including following features 1. Historical development. 2. comp unrivalednt of GPS. 3. Wide variety of natural coverings of GPS. INTRODUCTION * GPS is a satellite- ground navigation system in the beginning developed for soldiery purposes and is maintained and controlled by the United States Department of defence mechanism. GPS permits land, sea, and circularizeborne practisers to determine their three-dimensional position, velocity, and metre. * It arrive ater be employ by anyone with a receiver anywhere on the planet, at any eon of day or night, in any type of tolerate. * thither are two GPS systems NAVSTAR United Stat es system, and GLONASS the Russian version. * The NAVSTAR system is often referred to astheGPS (at least in the U. S. ) since it was generally available first. * Many GPS receivers send away wont data from both NAVSTAR and GLONASS this report focuses on the NAVSTAR system. 1. Historical development GPS is primarily a navigational system, so a background on navigation will give insight as to how extraordinary the world(prenominal) Positioning System is. * People first navigated scarcely by heart and soul oflandmarks mountains, trees, or leaving trails of stones. * This would only work within a local area and the environment was subject to change due to environmental factors such as natural disasters. * For traveling across the ocean a process calleddead reckoning, which used a magnetic compass and required the calculation of how fast the ship was going, was applied. The measurement tools were crude and in dead-on(prenominal). It was similarly a very(prenominal) complicated pr ocess. * When traveling over the ocean, people began using the stars as guidelines. * The stars appear dissimilar from different arrangements on Earth so analyzing the stars gave sailors the basic direction to follow. * Celestial navigationwas our primary means of navigation for hundreds of years. It was a time-consuming and complicated task of measuring the angles between stars a process of triangulation. * The breaker point of precision was limited. The sextant was developed during this time just since it only measured latitude, a timepiece was as well as invented so that the longitude could also be calculated. * This type of navigation only worked at night and in clear weather which was a cracking disadvantage. * It was non until the 20th century thatground-based radio navigation systemswere introduced. close to are notwithstanding in use today. * GPS is a satellite radio navigation system, but the first systems were ground-based. * They work in the aforementioned(pren ominal) way as does GPS drug users (receivers) calculate how far away they are from a communeting predominate whose location is cognize. When several towers are used, the location fucking be pinpointed. * This method of navigation was a great improvement, yet it had its own difficulties. An example of such a system is LORAN. * Each tower had a snip of about 500 miles and had accuracy good to about 250 meters. * LORAN was not a global system and could not be used over the ocean. Because ground based systems send omens over the surface of the earth, only plane location can be determined. * The altitude cannot be calculated so this system could not be applied to aviation. The accuracy of such systems could be affected by geography as well. The frequency of the signal affected accuracy a higher frequency would suspend for greater accuracy, but the user would pauperism to remain within the line of sight. * The first global navigation system was called OMEGA. It was a ground-bas ed system but has been terminated as of 1997. * Timeline of GPS Development * Late 1960s, c erstpt development. * Early 1970s, program funding and establishment of a Joint Program Office within the Department of Defense. * December 1973, proposal for GPS approved by the Defense System Acquisition and Review Council (DSARC). * Mid-1970s, ground testing of the GPS concept. February 22, 1978, launch of the first GPS satellite. * 1989, Magellan Corporation introduces the first hand-held GPS receiver. * 1991, detection and fix of a major a glitch that slowed progress. * January 1991, military use of GPS in operating room Desert Storm in Iraq. * December 1993, declaration of Initial Operational Capability (IOC) by the U. S. deposit of Defense. * May 2, 2000, SA is turned off by presidential directive inexpensive civilian GPS receivers improver their crosswise accuracy from no worse than 100 meters to 15-25 meters. * Oct 1, 2005 First Modernized GPS Satellite with improved accuracy. . SEGMENTS OF GPS GPS uses radio transmissions. The satellites transmit timing information and satellite location information. The system can be separated into three separate i. Space segment ii. confine segment iii. User segment Connection of three segments, i. Space Segment * The space segment consists of the satellites themselves. * According to theUnited States Naval Observatory, there are currently 27 operational GPS satellites about 11,000 miles up in space. * This constellation (see Figure 2 below) tolerates between five and eight GPS satellites in sight from any point on the earth.The Space Segment * It takes each satellite about twelve hours to flying field the earth. There are six orbital planes with at least four satellites in each plane. * The orbits are tilted to theequatorof the earth by 55 so that there is coverage of thePolar Regions. * The satellites continuously manoeuver themselves to ensure that theirsolar panelsstay pointed towards the sun, and theirantenna spoint toward the earth. * Also each satellite carries 4atomic clocks. ii. turn back Segment * The control segment is a root of ground stations that monitor and operate the GPS satellites. There are supervise stations spaced well-nigh the globe and one mortify Control commit located in Colorado Springs, Colorado (see Figure 3 below). * Each station sends information to the Control Station which then updates and corrects the navigational message of the satellites. * There are actually five major monitoring systems, the figure below does not include the Hawaiian station. * The stations constantly monitor the orbits of the satellites and use very precise radar to checkaltitude, position and speed. * Transmitted to the satellites areephemerisconstants and clock adjustments. The satellites in turn, use these updates in the signals that they send toGPS receivers. The Control Segment iii. User Segment * This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can be placed in a v ehicle. * All GPS receivers have analmanacprogrammed into their computer, which tells them where each satellite is at any given moment. * The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites. * The receiver is usually used in sexual union with computer software to output the information to the user in the form of a map. As the user does not have to communicate with the satellite there can be unlimited users at one time. * The user requires a GPS receiver in order to receive the transmissions from the satellites. * The GPS receiver calculates the location based on signals from the satellites. * The user does not transmit anything to the satellites and therefore the satellites dont know the user is there. * The only data the satellites receive is from the Master Control Station in Colorado. * The users consist of both the military and civilians. 3. Applications of GPS Today, GPS has a wide variety of applications and GPS is purpose its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery and even laptop computers. * The most obvious application for GPS is satellite navigation in vehicles, aircraft and ships. * It allows anyone with a GPS receiver to pinpoint their speed and position on land, air or sea, with incredible accuracy. * Drivers can use in-vehicle portable navigation devices to follow a route, take place detours around traffic problems and with additional software receive traffic alerts and warnings on safety camera locations. GPS is used for trailing devices people can pinpoint any object on the earth. For example, GPS vehicle bring in systems or GPS flit trailing systems can point out where their stolen vehicle is or where their ship sails at present. * Main uses of GPS engine room are as follows a) Location The first and foremost palpable application of GPS system is the simple decision of a position? or location Navigation b) The primary design of GPS sliceing system was to provide navigation information or ships and planes c) Tracking With the accurate data provided by the system, monitoring mobile objects or people is not difficult task anymore d) Mapping GPS can economic aid in creating maps and models of everything in the planet. Mapping the earth had never been an easier task e) Timing GPS satellites carry highly accurate atomic clocks, and GPS tracking devices here on the ground when synchronized with those in the satellites are themselves atomic accuracy clocks providing accurate time. * There are many applications for military in GPS, * The military utilizes GPS in land, marine, and airborne navigation. In addition, GPS satellites are equipped with sensors to monitor and detect the donations of nuclear weapons. * Navigation is the main function of GPS with uses in all branches of the military. * Some examples are photo reconnaissance, low-level navigation, target acquisition, command and control, en route navigation, and missile guidance. * Although GPS was designed for military use, civilian use of the navigation technology has dramatically increased with the advent of affordable, portable GPS receivers and the ability to increase the accuracy of civilian GPS readings. A major use of GPS is for surveying and mapping, including land, marine, and air borne surveying, local and global torsion monitoring, and geodetic control. * Applications in transportation and communication and include automotive navigation aids, with an automated display of the vehicle position on an electronic map. This is particularly useful for emergency vehicles and search and deliver missions. * Monitoring the location and movement of vehicles such as taxis, trucks, and boxcars can also be achieved using GPS. Recreational activities have also become a large market for low-cost, portable receivers. Boating, backpacking, biking, and horseback riding are a some of the activities whose participants use fairly inexpensive, relatively low accuracy G PS receivers. * GPS is also available for other uses hikers and ramblers can use GPS receivers to ensure they are following their chosen route and to mark rendezvous points along the way. * While gamers can take part in geocaching, a kind of treasure hunt for the digital age, which uses precise GPS signals to help the players track down a hidden stash. The emergency services, for instance, can use GPS not only to find their way to an incident quicker than ever before but also to pinpoint the location of accidents and allow follow-up staff to find the scene quickly. * This is particularly useful for search and rescue teams at sea and in extreme weather conditions on land where time can be a exit of life or death. * Scientists and engineers also have applications for GPS receivers, in scientific experiments, and in monitoring geological activity such as earth tremors, earthquakes and volcanic rumblings. They can use strategically positioned GPS devices to assist them in tracking cli mate change and other phenomena. Fundamentally, GPS can now be used to produce very accurate maps. * GPS is a term that most commonly conjures up images of vehicle navigation systems, space-age satellite technology, and interactive maps for outdoors-types and sportsmen as well as below usages, * Know where children are using services from companies like uLocate Communications. * Keep track of elderly members of your family, so that they dont wander off alone. * Plan a road travel around interesting points of interests, landmarks, campsites, diners, etc. Get emergency road side assistance at a touch of a button from the vehicle, so you can get help aimly where and when people requisite it. * Keep a visual journal and bookmark collection of your favorite hot spots, sceneries, and points of interests that may not be listed in any travel guide. * Find lost pets easily using collars with built-in GPS. * disembodied spirit safer with cellular phone emergency calls, so emergency person can pinpoint your location once you make an emergency call. * Track your luggage, laptops, and anything of importance while traveling. Track and find family, friends in a crowd concert, graduation, or any social gathering. * When going on a vacation, feel free to separate from group for a while to venture on your own based on your own interests and find them later on with your GPS enabled device- even in an unfamiliar place. * Creative and educational uses of GPS * Stay physically active and tote up by playing Ray Gun A locational based cell phone game based on GPS technology. * Become more cultured, make global friends, and learn about the world playing Geocache, a global GPS based treasure hunt. GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include farming, construction, mining, surveying, pile delivery, and logistical supply chain management. * Major communications networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time synchronization. Some wireless services cannot operate without it. * GPS saves lives by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief. GPS is vital to the Next Generation Air fare System (NextGen) that will enhance flight safety while increasing airspace capacity. * GPS also advances scientific aims such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection. * GPS use to determine a position from measurements of distances is known as triangulation(nottriangulation, which involves the measurement of angles). * GPSreceiversreceive satellite signals they do not transmit or bounce signals off the satellites. GPS Systems are a passive, receive-only system, GPS Systems can support an unlimited number of users, both military and ivilian. * GPS system provides a 24 hour per day global coverage. GPS systems are an all-weather system which is not affected by rain, snow, fo g, or sand storms. * GPS use to measure distances to four or more satellites simultaneously and knowing the exact locations of the satellites (included in the signals transmitted by the satellites), the receiver can determine its latitude, longitude, and height while at the same time synchronizing its clock with the GPS time standard which also makes the receiver a precise time piece.